Performance Measurement – Difficulties in Measuring Small Business Performance
Trying to measure performance, in general, is a difficult task for scholars; the difficulties intensify when the subject is the measurement of small business performance. In this article, which is the third in the series, an overview of the major obstacles for measuring small business performance is presented.Time is a substantial factor that needs to be taken into consideration when trying to measure performance in small business, because measuring the profitability of small businesses in their first years of operation can be misleading. Mcdougall, Robinson and denisi (1992) state, that small businesses are usually not expected to generate any profit in their early years of operation. Biggadike (1979) define a milestone of eight years in operation, in average, before new venture is expecting to generate profits.Growth rate is not equal in all businesses; moreover it varies substantially between businesses and across industries. Cooper (1979) has related to the potential influence of rapid growth, and noted that operational losses or poor profits in small businesses with growth orientation can’t be used as an indicator for management failure, if the cause for the result is heavy investments in new markets or products. If at different industries we’re expecting different growth rate, then as Miller and Tolouse (1986) states, the industry in which the business is operating in is affecting the level of business performance in general as well as the small business performance.Accounting measures consider as objective and more accurate then nonobjective measures, but even if such objective measures can be obtain it is very hard to interpret them in small businesses (Covin and Slevin, 1989, 1990). This statement reinforced by Rappaport (1981) and Stewart (1991) findings of weak correlation between accounting measures related to small business performance and the small business value. Dess and Robinson (1984) argue that the reason for the difficulty in interpreting objective data such as accounting measures may be due to different accounting rules for different types of corporation like proprietary limited company and partnership. Covin and Slevin (1990) relate to the small business owners’ salaries as another potential cause for problem, which is unique for small businesses. In many of the small businesses the owner salaries takes substantial share of the business profitability.
The Best Breastfeeding Positions
Changing positions aids improve breast drainage
Changing positions during the day will help drain all the quadrants of your breasts and prevent plugging or poor drainage. The portion of your chest that your baby’s chin is pointing to receives the strongest pull and waste during the feeding. Spinning your baby into a different position at each food is suggested, particularly for the 1st week or two, while you and your darling are education to breastfeed and you are structure up confidence in your technique.
Whatever position you decide on for the feeding, your baby must always be facing on to your body-baby’s knees, tummy, and chest should meet your body. Baby’s arms must be opened wide and spread around your breast. Use many pillows to support your baby, your arms and your back. Footstools are useful and stop strain on your back and muscle tension. Some mothers like to use a breastfeeding pillow, available to be used with one baby or multiples. Members of the family and friends can facilitate adjust the pads for support during feedings. Take care to require advantage of all the help available. Also, be guaranteed to keep a large container of fresh water within reach. Thus you usually have something to drink while you’re breastfeeding.
Here are some recommended positions to do. You and your baby can eventually find your preferred positions. Initially, learn the cross-cradle, cradle and football positions; these positions give you the most control of your breast and also the baby’s head-the secret to correct positioning.
The football hold
This is a comfortable position to use instantly once a cesarean section delivery as a result of the baby is positioned away from your incision.
Sit up supported by pillows and footstool if required.
Babe sits on a pillow at your side.
Baby’s body is turned towards you, therefore his/her knees, tummy, and chest face your body.
Baby’s arms are spread wide around your breast.
When nursing the right breast, you may hold your chest with your left hand in a “C” hold, shaping your nipple and areola into a sandwich for baby to know.
Your right hand is around your baby’s neck, supporting the base of his/her head, your arm supporting his/her back, keeping the baby’s body close to you.
Reverse your hands for nursing the left breast.
The modified football hold
Sit up supported by pillows and footstool, if needed.
Baby lies on a pillow at your aspect.
Baby’s body is turned towards you and wrapped around your body.
Baby’s knees, tummy, and chest face your body.
Baby’s arms are spread wide around your breast.
The hand support for your breast and your baby’s head are similar as in football; reverse for opposite breast.
The cross-cradle hold
This position is advantageous within the early days of breastfeeding because your breast, and also the baby’s head and body, are well supported.
It’s also shown to be successful for preterm babies who want further support and head control.
Sit up supported by cushions and footstool, if desired.
Babe lies across the front of your body supported on pillows.
Baby’s knees, tummy, and chest are facing your body.
Baby’s arms are spread wide around your breast.
Baby’s eyes are looking up towards your face (and shoulder).
When nursing the right breast, you can hold the breast in your right hand in a “U” hold, shaping your breast and areola into a sandwich for baby to grasp.
Your left hand will be about baby’s neck, supporting the base of his/her head while your arm supports his/her back, keeping the baby’s body close to you.
Reverse your hands for breastfeeding the left breast.
The cradle hold
This position is optional after you and the baby are latching without difficulties, and baby needs little guidance from you.
Sit up support pillows and footstool, if needed.
Baby lays crossway the front of your body supported on pillows baby’s knees, tummy and chest are facing your body.
Baby’s arms are spread wide about your breast.
Baby’s eyes are looking up towards your face (and shoulder).
When nursing the right breast, you will hold the breast in your left hand in a “U” Hold, shaping the breast and areola into a sandwich for baby to grasp.
Your right forearm supports Baby’s head with your hand supporting baby’s bottom. You will use your forearm to guide your baby onto your breast (placing baby’s head in the “crook” of your arm often puts baby’s mouth far to the side and at the wrong angle to latch onto your breast).
Reverse your hands for nursing the left breast.
Traditional side-lying
Lie entirely on your side, knees bent, supported by pillows between your knees, behind your back, and under your head (body pillows are great support).
Baby lies on his/her side with tummy, knees, and chest facing your body, lower arm tucked under your breast, top arm on top of your breast.
Baby’s face is looking at your breast with his/her mouth near with your nipple.
Baby’s body is horizontal level to your body with his/her feet point towards the bottom of the bed.
If the baby’s mouth is under your nipple, place a closed towel or baby blanket below baby’s head to boost baby’s mouth to your tit.
You should place a tightly rolled towel or blanket behind your baby to stay baby from going onto his/her back.
When nursing the right breast, you will hold your breast with your left hand in a “C” hold, shaping your breast and areola into a sandwich for baby to grasp.
Your right arm will form an outline around your baby’s body on the bed and will guide the baby onto your breast.
Turn onto your left side and opposite the positions for breastfeeding the left breast.
Upside down side-lying
Follow the directions for traditional side lying, but your bottom arm is raised up and positioned above your head along with your pillow.
Baby lies on his/her aspect with tummy, knees, and chest facing your body, his/her lower arm tucked below your breast, baby’s top arm on top of your breast.
Baby’s face is viewing your breast with his/her mouth level with your tit.
Babe’s body is horizontal to your body with his/her feet pointing towards the highest of your bed.
If the baby’s mouth is below your tit, place a folded towel or baby blanket below your baby’s head.
You could put a tightly rolled towel or baby blanket behind your baby to stay baby from going onto his/her back.
When nursing the right breast, you’ll hold your breast with your left hand in “C” hold, shaping the breast and areola into a sandwich for your baby to know while your lower arm is up and under your pillow.
This is a useful position to empty the top quadrants of your breast and should be very comfortable once a cesarean delivery if your tummy is sore and swollen.
You may want to facilitate with putting your baby into this position and keeping baby shut throughout the feeding.
Turn onto your left side and reverse the hands for nursing the left breast.
Prone position
This position will be helpful if you feel that your milk flow is just too quick or too forceful for your baby. Gravity slows down the stream.
Lie flat on your back with your knees bent and used pillows too and support your head.
Baby lies on your tummy trying down at your breast; arms spread wide around your breast.
An alternative is to put your baby on his/her tummy, lying on pillows at your aspect with his/her face looking down at your breast and baby’s arms spread wide around your breast.
A Review of Online Casino Gambling
I have been participating in online casino gambling since its inception. It began right around the time that the Internet became a household fixture. Like all gamblers, I’ve had some great sessions that I’ll remember for a long time. You know what I mean, the dealer is busting left and right, I’m drawing five-card 21s, and the stack of chips in front of me gets bigger and bigger.
But I’ve also had horrible sessions where the opposite happened and nothing went my way. It’s all part of the game. It’s a roller coaster ride that you better be prepared for mentally. The key to long-term success in online casino gambling is to try to smooth out the peaks and valleys in order to gain some consistency. Sometimes a betting system can really help out. Now a lot of know what all gamblers might say that he thinks systems are for amateurs. But you’d be doing yourself a huge disservice by engaging in online casino gambling without going in with some sort of game plan first. You see, online casino gambling differs from traditional gaming establishments in a very important way, many times they offer better odds or give you financial incentives just to draw you in as a player. As a gambler, you know that even the slightest variation in odds will affect basic playing strategies for games such as blackjack and Jacks or Better video poker.
Because so many of these gambling sites offer incentives you don’t really need to put as much to come out ahead. Taking these factors into consideration means that for online casino gambling, you can chuck everything you thought you knew about blackjack, slots, roulette, poker, and craps out the window and adapt an entirely different game plan.
To develop a sound betting strategy you will need to consult credible reference materials. You can find excellent books and on the Internet that will benefit you greatly. The good news is there are enough math and computer wizards interested in blackjack and other games that we’re in no danger of running out of strategy guides tailored to online casino gambling.
He sure to make sure whatever system you are looking at that they author, or creator of that system, it is an experienced gambler himself and has shown the system to be credible. What I’ve discovered is that many of these guys are making money from selling their systems rather than using their own advice to win at online casino gambling. That should give you some idea of how “valuable” their systems really are! Some people make all the money writing about things as opposed to actually doing them. These are the types of people you want to avoid.
But if you dig in and do some checking, you’ll find that there are a few choice strategy guides out there that are quite effective at helping people earn a fairly steady income from online casino gambling. A great place to look for advice and resources are Internet forums where gamblers gather. Usually, at least one member of the forum has tested a particular strategy guide and would be more than happy to give you an honest review of the system. Once you find a winner, you will no doubt you much better about your chances for success in online casino gambling.